Feel the Principle of Work in Action! Master Movable Pulleys with a Simple Paperclip Experiment

I’m Ken Kuwako, your Science Trainer. Every day is an experiment!

This article is also available on my radio show!

Ever tried the “movable pulley” experiment in science class? In this classic lab, we compare two scenarios: lifting a load to the same height with and without a movable pulley. We measure the “pulling force” required and the “length of string” we have to pull. It sounds simple, but the real fun begins when students actually try it and hit that “Wait, what?” moment.

Actually, this experiment requires a bit of a knack, and it can be tricky to give clear instructions that lead to accurate measurements. Today, I’ll share a simple and effective method using paper clips. Whether you’re a science teacher or just a curious mind, give this a look!

What You’ll Need

• Movable pulley (approx. 25g)
• Kite string (approx. 50cm, with loops tied at both ends)
• Weights (I used a film canister with weights: two 75g and one 25g, totaling 175g)
• Lab stand
• Bamboo ruler
• Hook

The pulley and weights don’t have to be these exact specs—just use whatever you have on hand. Here is the setup:

Once you have these, you’re ready to go! Now, let’s dive into the experiment. Sometimes it’s hard for students to clearly see the difference in string length when using the pulley. That’s where the “paper clip” comes in—this tiny item makes a huge difference!

Experimental Method

Step 1: Lifting without the Pulley

First, attach the pulley to the weight and measure the total mass. The key is to include the weight of the pulley itself in your initial measurement.

Since it’s close to 175g, the force is about 2.0N.

Next, lift it 10cm from the desk. It’s helpful to mark the 10cm point on the stand with a marker.

At this point, attach a paper clip to the string to mark how much of the string you’ve pulled up.

Naturally, the string length pulled is 10cm. You can do this first part together with the whole class.

Step 2: What happens with the Movable Pulley?

Now for the main event! Thread the string through the movable pulley and measure the force required to hold it. Have the students try this themselves.

Look at that! It’s about 1.0N—exactly half the force.

You can really feel the difference in your hands. Let everyone in the group take turns to experience how much “lighter” it feels.

Next, use the pulley to lift the weight 10cm. Again, attach a paper clip to the string to measure exactly how much string you had to pull.

To lift the weight 10cm, you had to pull the string 20cm! Now, let’s calculate the “Work” done in each case.

Without the pulley: W = Fx = 2.0N × 0.10m = 0.20J

With the movable pulley: W = Fx = 1.0N × 0.20m = 0.20J

The results show that the total amount of work remains the same, whether you use a tool or not.

With just a small tweak, this experiment becomes much clearer and yields more accurate results. Use a common paper clip to boost the success rate of your lab! I hope this makes for a fun learning experience for both teachers and students. I’ve also prepared some slides for classroom use, so feel free to use them!

Presentation Slides

For instructions on how to make your own handmade movable pulley, check here:

「仕事の原理」は体で覚える!生徒の心をつかむ手作り動滑車実験器!

8kgが指1本で持ち上がる!?つくばで見つけた魔法の装置「かっしゃくん」(つくばエキスポセンター)

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