The Fizz Is CO₂! Watch 10% Hydrochloric Acid Melt Away Water Stains

Hi, I’m Ken Kuwako, your Science Trainer. Every day is an experiment.

Sanpoul, a popular toilet cleaner in Japan, wipes away stubborn limescale like magic. But which ingredient is actually doing the work? Sanpoul also contains surfactants and other additives, which raises a fair question: “Can hydrochloric acid really do this all by itself?” So this time, I poured plain hydrochloric acid straight onto limescale to catch the culprit red-handed.

A Quick Look Inside Sanpoul

Sanpoul contains hydrochloric acid at a concentration of about 9.5%.

Its main job is most likely to dissolve calcium carbonate, the main component of limescale, and calcium phosphate, the main component of the urine scale that builds up in toilets.

That said, Sanpoul also contains surfactants and other ingredients. Surfactants help the liquid spread and cling to the surface of the grime. That made me wonder: is the hydrochloric acid really the one removing the dirt, or are the surfactants playing a big part too?

What Happens When We Pour On 10% Hydrochloric Acid?

So I poured 10% hydrochloric acid, which is almost the same concentration as Sanpoul, onto some limescale.

Right away, the limescale started to dissolve, fizzing and bubbling as it went.

The reaction was the same one we saw with Sanpoul, which makes it clear that hydrochloric acid is the real star of the show when it comes to removing limescale. Think of the surfactants as the supporting cast, helping the liquid spread across the surface and speeding up the reaction.

The Bubbles Are Carbon Dioxide

When you add hydrochloric acid to calcium carbonate, you get calcium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide.

Those fizzy bubbles come from the carbon dioxide being released. It’s the same gas that’s in soda, but here it’s proof that an acid is eating away at stone.

The calcium chloride that forms is also very soluble in water. So the limescale, which started out as a water-insoluble “rock,” turns into something that dissolves in water. All that’s left to do is rinse or wipe it away, and the surface comes out sparkling clean.

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