From Humble Moss to Star! Witness Male & Female Liverworts and Their Spring-Loaded Spores Under the Microscope

I’m Ken Kuwako, Science Trainer. Every day is an experiment.

Are You Overlooking the Microscopic Forest at Your Feet? The Fascinating World of Liverworts

Do you ever pay attention to the green ‘moss’ spreading across the roadsides and forgotten corners of schoolyards you walk past every day? Bryophytes—the group that includes mosses and liverworts—are actually like living fossils, carrying the ancient history of when plants first moved from the sea onto land.

When teaching plant reproduction in science class, these non-vascular plants become a profoundly interesting subject for observation. This time, we used the common **liverwort (*Marchantia polymorpha*)** found on our campus to observe the dramatic structural differences between the male and female plants, and the ‘spores’ that guarantee the next generation. The microscopic world seen through a microscope is guaranteed to amaze your students!

Let’s Collect Liverworts! The Reason They Love Damp Places

Liverworts thrive in moist areas and are often found growing naturally near water features or on shaded, damp ground around the school. Why the preference for wet places? This is because bryophytes haven’t yet developed **vascular bundles** (the internal ‘plumbing’ for water transport), so they must absorb water directly through their body surfaces. Additionally, as we’ll explain shortly, water is absolutely essential for fertilization.

We carefully collected our specimens using a small trowel. When collecting, make sure to take the entire plant, including the root-like structures (rhizoids), and wrap them in a damp paper towel or paper to keep them from drying out.

A Clear Difference! The Distinct Shapes of Male and Female Plants

Take a good look at the liverwort you collected. It turns out that, just like humans, liverworts have distinct ‘male’ and ‘female’ plants. And their shapes are surprisingly different from each other.

• **Male Plant (Antheridiophore):** The flat, leaf-like body ends in a flat, disc-like or mushroom-cap-like structure with a scalloped edge. This is where the sperm are produced.

• **Female Plant (Archegoniophore):** This plant features a protrusion shaped like a palm tree or a tattered umbrella (with finger-like lobes). The egg cells wait underneath this structure, and this is where spores will eventually form.

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Their shapes are entirely different, aren’t they? The liverwort thus possesses clear distinguishing characteristics between its male and female forms. **But why do they look this way?** On a rainy day, when a raindrop hits the male ‘saucer,’ the force of impact disperses the sperm, which then swim through the water to reach the female plant. That flat disc is thought to act as a **’launch pad,’** utilizing raindrops to propel the sperm! When students observe them while imagining this biological drama, their level of engagement instantly skyrockets.

Spores: The Next Generation of Life, and the Spring-Loaded ‘Elaters’ That Launch Them

Beneath the female ‘umbrella’ is a yellowish, fluffy section that contains the spores. We tried gently tapping this area with tweezers to extract and observe the spores under a microscope. This tiny structure is packed with botanical ingenuity.

**Observation Method**

**Materials Needed**

• Mature female liverwort.
• Tweezers.
• Slide glass, cover slip.
• Microscope (400x magnification recommended).

**Procedure**

1. **Extract the Spores**
   • Gently pinch the yellowish, cottony part of the female thallus containing the spores with tweezers, and tap or tease it apart lightly over the slide glass.

1. • Let the spores fall onto the slide glass.
2. **Prepare the Slide**
   • Add a drop of water and gently place the cover slip over it.
3. **Observe under the Microscope**
   • First, focus using low magnification, then observe the details at 10x eyepiece × 40x objective (400x total magnification).

Observation was performed at 10x eyepiece × 40x objective, for a total of 400x magnification.

Observation Results: The Identity of the ‘Threads’ Seen with the Spores

Peering into the microscope, you’ll see countless tiny, round granules: these are the **spores**. And, scattered among the spores—especially if you observe at a higher magnification—you might spot slightly longer, twisted, thread-like structures. These are tissues called **elaters**. They actually act like a **spring**, contracting and expanding as the humidity changes. When they dry out, this spring mechanism snaps, launching the spores far away! This is a brilliant physical mechanism non-moving plants have developed to expand their habitat.

Discover the Grandeur in the Tiny Life at Your Feet

Observing the liverwort allows us to explore the vast diversity of plant reproduction and the clever, adaptive mechanisms they use to survive. Mosses and liverworts are often dismissed as ‘gross,’ but when students see their intricate, engineering-like structure under a microscope, their entire perspective changes. This hands-on experience of collecting and magnifying the specimens will surely transform dry textbook knowledge into ‘living knowledge.’

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